Fox Henry (Fox, 1st Lord Holland) - English politician (1705-1774). He was brought up at Eton, where he met Pitt the Elder and Fielding. Able, but frivolous, F. in his youth squandered a significant part of his fortune. He was elected a member of the House of Commons in 1735. Here he became close to Walpole, who appointed him Minister of Public Works. Re-elected to Parliament in 1741, F. received the post of Lord Treasury in Pelgham's cabinet; in 1746 he was appointed minister of war. In 1751 he fought with extraordinary energy against the Regency bill, coming out as an opponent of Pitt; he had equally strong opposition to the Marriage bill of 1753. He soon made peace with Pitt and entered into an agreement with him against the ministry of Lord Newcastle. The latter attracted F. to his side, who, breaking with Pitt, became the leader of the House of Commons and after that became a member of the ministry (1755). In 1756, Mr.. F. resigned and received an offer to form a cabinet with Pitt; when the latter rejected this combination, F. was content with the post of general assembler, not part of the cabinet, but extremely profitable. In 1762, Mr.. F. again became the leader of the lower house. Then joining Bute's cabinet, he undertook before the king to obtain from parliament the consent to conclude peace with France. To achieve the latter goal, F. did not spare anyone and fiercely pursued his former political friends, depriving them of their posts and honorary titles. When in 1763 the peace was signed, F. was elevated to the lords, but the general hatred was retribution for his unprincipled activities. Until 1765, Mr.. F. retained the position of general collector, which brought him large incomes. When in 1769 the Lord Mayor of London submitted a petition to appoint an investigation into the activities of F. as a general collector, the king tried to hush up the matter. Since then, however, F. left the political arena. Few of government people England was so hated by his contemporaries as Henry F. Possessing a lively mind, great oratorical skills and a bold, decisive character, F. was completely devoid of any moral principles: the main goal of his life was profit and pleasure, politics was only one of the means to which F. resorted to with complete promiscuity and shamelessness. An excellent characterization of F. made by McCauley in his "Essay" about Pitt the Elder.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
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- (Fox) famous English politician (1749 1806), third son of Henry F., first Lord of Holland, and Lady Lennox, daughter of Hertz. Richmond (illegitimate son of King Charles II). Studied at Eton and Oxford University. From an early age…… Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- The novel and the people, R. Fox, The well-known American journalist Henry Garth, in his “Letter from Guernica”, states: “When the history of our days is written .. when future generations look back at our time and read about ... Category: Literary criticism. Prose. Poetry. Drama Series: Publisher: YoYo Media,
- Look. Think. Shoot! , Carroll Henry , "Knowing how to take a photograph is much more important than knowing how to use a camera" . (Olivia Bee) Let's remember those who created, not repeated, people who moved forward ... Category: Photo and Video Technique Guides Series: Photography as art Publisher:
, Great Britain
William Henry Fox Talbot(English) William Henry Fox Talbot; January 31 (February 11) - 5 (September 17) - English physicist and chemist, one of the inventors of photography. He invented calotype, which for the first time made it possible to replicate photographs by obtaining a negative image on a photosensitive material, and then an unlimited number of positive copies.
Biography
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Notes
Literature
- N. D. Panfilov, A. A. Fomin. A bit of history // A short guide for amateur photographers / N. N. Zherdetskaya. - M .: "Art", 1985. - S. 5-13. - 367 p. - 100,000 copies.
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Talbot passage by William Henry Fox
Platon Karataev must have been over fifty years old, judging by his stories about the campaigns in which he participated as a longtime soldier. He himself did not know and could not in any way determine how old he was; but his teeth, bright white and strong, which all rolled out in their two semicircles when he laughed (as he often did), were all good and whole; not a single gray hair was in his beard and hair, and his whole body had the appearance of flexibility and especially hardness and endurance.His face, despite the small round wrinkles, had an expression of innocence and youth; his voice was pleasant and melodious. But main feature his speech was immediacy and argumentative. He apparently never thought about what he said and what he would say; and from this there was a special irresistible persuasiveness in the speed and fidelity of his intonations.
His physical strength and agility were such during the first time of captivity that he did not seem to understand what fatigue and illness were. Every day in the morning and in the evening, lying down, he said: “Lord, put it down with a pebble, raise it up with a ball”; in the morning, getting up, always shrugging his shoulders in the same way, he would say: "Lie down - curled up, get up - shake yourself." And indeed, as soon as he lay down to immediately fall asleep like a stone, and as soon as he shook himself, in order to immediately, without a second of delay, take up some business, the children, having risen, take up toys. He knew how to do everything, not very well, but not badly either. He baked, steamed, sewed, planed, made boots. He was always busy and only at night allowed himself to talk, which he loved, and songs. He sang songs, not like songwriters sing, knowing that they are being listened to, but he sang like birds sing, obviously because it was just as necessary for him to make these sounds, as it is necessary to stretch or disperse; and these sounds were always subtle, tender, almost feminine, mournful, and his face was very serious at the same time.
Having been captured and overgrown with a beard, he, apparently, threw away everything that was put on him, alien, soldierly, and involuntarily returned to the former, peasant, people's warehouse.
“A soldier on leave is a shirt made of trousers,” he used to say. He reluctantly spoke about his time as a soldier, although he did not complain, and often repeated that he had never been beaten during his entire service. When he told, he mainly told from his old and, apparently, dear memories of the "Christian", as he pronounced, peasant life. The sayings that filled his speech were not those mostly indecent and glib sayings that soldiers say, but they were folk sayings, which seem so insignificant, taken separately, and which suddenly acquire the meaning of deep wisdom when they are said by the way.
Often he said the exact opposite of what he had said before, but both were true. He loved to talk and spoke well, embellishing his speech with endearing and proverbs, which, it seemed to Pierre, he himself invented; but the main charm of his stories was that in his speech the simplest events, sometimes the very ones that, without noticing them, Pierre saw, took on the character of solemn decorum. He liked to listen to fairy tales that one soldier told in the evenings (all the same), but most of all he liked to listen to stories about real life. He smiled joyfully as he listened to such stories, inserting words and asking questions that tended to make clear to himself the beauty of what was being told to him. Attachments, friendship, love, as Pierre understood them, Karataev did not have any; but he loved and lived lovingly with everything that life brought him, and especially with a person - not with some famous person, but with those people who were before his eyes. He loved his mutt, loved his comrades, the French, loved Pierre, who was his neighbor; but Pierre felt that Karataev, in spite of all his affectionate tenderness for him (with which he involuntarily paid tribute to Pierre's spiritual life), would not have been upset for a minute by parting from him. And Pierre began to experience the same feeling for Karataev.
Platon Karataev was for all the other prisoners the most ordinary soldier; his name was falcon or Platosha, they good-naturedly mocked him, sent him for parcels. But for Pierre, as he presented himself on the first night, an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth, he remained so forever.
Talbot (William Henry Fox Talbot) was a British scientist and photography innovator, best known for inventing paper that was impregnated with salt and using calotype processes. He had a wide range of interests in many subjects such as chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, classics, and art history, although he eventually gained fame as a pioneer in the art of photography, which was still in its infancy in the mid-19th century. His invention of the photographic calotype process was a significant improvement over the daguerreotype by the French inventor Louis Daguerre. Talbot was the first to develop the photographic negative, thus making it possible to take multiple shots. In the 1840s he worked extensively on photomechanical reproduction, which led to the development of the photoengraving process. Intelligent and curious at a young age, Henry developed his interests in a wide variety of subjects. After completing his studies at the prestigious Trinity College, Cambridge, the young man wrote several works that he presented to the Royal Society. Thus, Talbot began a series of photography experiments. Over the next few years, he contributed several important aspects in the creation of photography, of which the most significant were the invention of salted paper and the negative. The Royal Society presented him with an award for his discoveries.
The great creator of photography was born on February 11, 1800 in Dorset, England. He was the only child of William Talbot and his wife Lady Elizabeth Fox. The father died when the boy was still a child. He lived in several families with his mother until she married in 1804. Henry was bright boy and possessed an innate curiosity and a thirst for learning. He received his primary education at Harrow School. He enrolled at the prestigious Trinity College, Cambridge after completing his studies at the school. In 1821 he applied to the Royal Society. Many of his works were devoted to mathematical subjects, although he also showed a great interest in the sciences and wrote articles on the topics of physics and astronomy. This man had a good artistic mind, had a vivid imagination, and therefore it is not surprising that he became interested in photography, a field that at that time was in the early stages of its development. Photography classes offered many opportunities for experimentation and discovery.
He began his optical research as a very young man and published in 1826 an article "Some Experiments on Colored Flames" in the Philosophical Journal in 1826. The article "Monochromatic Light" was released a year later. While visiting Lake Como in Italy in 1833, Talbot attempted to sketch the landscape, but was unable to capture all of its beauty. So he started thinking about a machine that could capture images on photosensitive paper. The scientist began work on this project upon returning home. The photographer served briefly in Parliament (1833-34) and spent most of the 1830s experimenting with photography. He created salt paper by wetting sheets with a solution of common table salt, to which he applied a strong solution of silver nitrate. This made the paper sensitive to light. Continuing the development of the photographic process, the calotype method was used. Here, paper coated with silver iodine was used, a process that was patented in 1841. His Pencil of Nature (1844-46) is regarded as an important and influential work in the history of photography. It was the first published book illustrated with photographs.
Henry Fox Talbot married Constance Mundy in 1832 and they had four children: Ela, Rosamond, Matilda and Charles. Photographer William Henry Fox Talbot suffered from ill health in last years of his existence and died on September 17, 1877 at the age of 77.
In January 1839, William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877) learned that a report was made at the Academy of Sciences in Paris about the invention of L. Daguerre - the daguerreotype. This prompted Talbot to publish his works and at the end of January of the same 1839 show them at a meeting of the Royal Society of London, and on January 31, 1839 he made a report there "Some conclusions about the art of photogenic drawing, or about the process by which objects of nature can draw themselves without the aid of an artist's pencil."
The reaction of people to the new invention was overwhelming. Scientist Helmut Gernsheim wrote: "Perhaps no other invention has captured the attention of people with such force and conquered the world with such swiftness."
William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877)
The difference between Talbot's technology was the selection of materials. He also used silver, but he covered it not with metal plates, but with ordinary paper. Then he soaked it with wax and so got a negative. Then I put it on top of another sheet of paper, also coated with silver chloride, and left it in the light, thus obtaining a positive image. Although the quality of the photograph obtained by the Talbot method was significantly worse than that of his French counterpart, his method nevertheless became more promising. After all, this method made it possible to make many prints from one negative. In addition, paper was cheaper and easier to work with than fragile daguerreotypes. The slight blurring of the contours and the color, reminiscent of sepia, in the perception of contemporaries, brought calotype closer to drawing and lithography. Getting paper negatives the inventor called calotype(calotypes from Greek words kalos- lovely and typos- imprint) Unofficially, he was christened talbot type. and the unlimited circulation gave it undeniable advantages over the daguerreotype.
Talbot with his assistants at work, 1845
His wife called the small cells "mousetraps". He placed several of these cameras around his home, Lacock Abbey, in Chippenham, and successfully obtained with each camera, after an exposure of only thirty minutes, an excellent "miniature photograph of the objects in front of which the cameras were set up." He fixed these images, one square inch in size, by washing the paper in a strong solution of common salt or potassium iodide.
Henry Fox Talbot cameras with viewing hole
Before the "latent image" was developed, these holes allowed photographers to check whether the negative image was fully exposed.
Talbot. Lecoq-Abby, 1842
Talbot. Broom. The first photograph included in the book "Pencil of Nature". 1844 - 1846 years. Calotype.
Talbot. Miss Horace Fielding
In 1841, Talbot registered a patent for a negative-positive method for creating photographs, and in 1842 received a Royal Society medal for experiments with calotype. Nine years later, he developed a method of instant photography and patented it. Until now, disputes have not stopped about who is primarily responsible for the invention of photography: Niepce or Daguerre, or maybe Talbot?
Mankind is grateful to Fox Talbot for inventing the negative-positive process that laid the foundation for all modern photography.
Bronze statue of William Henry Fox Talbot in the business park of Chippenham, Wiltshire, England
Nicéphore Niépce is undoubtedly credited with obtaining the first images taken with the camera obscura and the first fixation of the images with an appropriate mixture of bitumen. He is the undisputed inventor of heliography. At the entrance to the Burgundian village of Saint-Loup-de-Varenne stands big Stone with the inscription: "In this village Nicephore Niépce invented photography in 1822". And nearby, in the city of Chalon, there is a monument: a slender, not at all old man points with a graceful gesture at a bulky camera.
The outstanding merit - the use of silver iodide for the first time as a light-sensitive material, the discovery of a method for developing a barely visible image using mercury vapor and fixing silver images - belongs completely and undividedly to Daguerre. That is why humanity keeps his name with special gratitude. The French Society of Fine Arts erected a monument to Daguerre on his grave in the Petit Bris-sur-Marne cemetery. A worthy monument was erected to the inventor in his homeland, in Cormeil. The name of Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre is included in the list of the greatest scientists of France, placed on the first floor of the Eiffel Tower.
Monument to Daguerre in Washington DC, USA
Talbot with camera obscura
William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) is credited with one of the most significant discoveries in the history of photography, the invention of the negative-positive process.
The only son of William Davenport Talbot and Lady Elizabeth Fox Strangveyz - William Henry Fox - was born in the town of Melbur, Wiltshire. Heir to an aristocratic family, he received an excellent education, graduating with honors from Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics, physics, literature and classical languages. In 1822 he was admitted to the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1832 - to the Royal Society. Member of Parliament, biologist, Assyriologist, he was certainly one of the brightest figures of his time.
Important invention
Fascinated by politics, Talbot quickly loses interest in it and soon after graduating from college leaves for a trip to Europe. The beauty of Italian landscapes struck the young scientist. But, being endowed with a fine artistic taste, Talbot practically did not know how to draw. At first, he uses a lucida camera for his sketches. But he soon abandons her, as working with her still requires drawing skills and precision of the hand.
Then Talbot turns to the simplest type of camera - the camera obscura. The result of photographic experiments was the invention of photosensitive paper. He discovered that if a sheet of paper is immersed in a weak solution of salt, and after it has dried, dipped in a solution of silver nitrate, silver chloride, a light-sensitive element, forms on the paper. After exposure and processing, Talbot received a negative image.
First photographs on paper
Continuing to experiment with the camera obscura, he discovered that best result give small cameras, as they require much less exposure time. Having built several of these "mousetraps", as his wife called them, he placed them around his home, Lacock Abbey. It was then that he took one of the world's first photographs (August 1835), the exposure of which lasted 30 minutes.
In 1844, he described the process of his search and its result in the book Nature's Pencil, which became the first commercial publication to be illustrated with photographs.
In January 1839, a report by French physicist François Arago on the daguerreotype method to the Paris Academy of Sciences prompted Fox Talbot to be the first to publish information about his process. Within two weeks, he spoke at the Royal Society, showing work from four years ago, including photographs of Lacock Abbey. Some time later, he announced technical details method of "photographic drawing", ahead of Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, who spoke only in August of that year.
Technology improvement
Talbot continued his photographic experiments. In 1840 he discovered (Daguerre two years earlier) that treating exposed negatives with gallic acid reduced the development time to a few minutes, whereas it used to take hours. After developing, Talbot used a warm solution of hyposulfite to fix the image, then washed the negative in clean water, dried it, and waxed it to make it clear. By contact printing, he made positive images from these negatives on silver chloride paper. He called the images obtained in this way "calotypes" (from the Greek Καλός - "beautiful"). Later they were called "tolbotypes" in honor of their inventor. One of the main advantages of this method was that the obtained negative made it possible to obtain an unlimited number of positives. In 1842 Talbot was awarded the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society for his discoveries in photography.
In 1841, Talbot patented his invention for 14 years. The feud between the scientist and photographers, who demanded a reduction in the cost of a license, lasted exactly the same.
In 1852 in a newspaper The Times appeared open letter President of the Royal Society Lord Rosse (Lord Rosse) and President of the Royal Academy Charles Lock Eastlake (Charles Lock Eastlake), in which they urged Talbot to abandon the patent, indicating that his stubbornness hinders the development of photography.
In response, Talbot agreed to abolish fees for amateur photographers, but professional portrait photographers still had to deduct a lot of money to the inventor (100 pounds for the first year of use and 150 for each subsequent year). Perhaps the reason that forced Talbot to take such a step lay in the fact that over the years of photographic experiments he himself spent a fortune. But be that as it may, the public was indignant, and the number of court cases that Talbot opened against illegal users of his invention grew. This was one of the reasons why, in 1855, after the patent expired, Talbot decided not to renew it, thus making his method publicly available.
The prototype of modern photography
The calotype was never able to match the popularity of Daguerre's invention (partly due to the fault of Talbot himself). But, unlike the daguerreotype, which disappeared after the 1860s, it lasted much longer and became the basis of modern photographic processes. In addition, Talbot was the first among the inventors of photography to solve another very important problem - the increase in images. He discovered that from a small negative it is possible to obtain enlarged positive copies, and put his idea into practice.
Throughout his life, William Henry Fox Talbot lived in the family estate of Lacock Abbey, where he died in 1877 at the age of 77. Despite the fact that at first Talbot's invention was not considered the best and most promising in the world, it was on its basis that photographic equipment developed in the future. And who knows, perhaps if not for Talbot, the history of such manufacturers of cameras and equipment as Epson, Samsung, Canon and others would have gone completely the wrong way.
