stupid animal. The animal is not stupid at all. It has a great mind, but its mind is always connected with a certain situation. You know the expression: "Like a ram before a new gate." This does not mean that the ram is a stupid animal. The ram has enough high level intellect. But his intellect is chained to a certain situation, he is lost. A person is always in an unforeseen situation. And he has only two legs: intellect and conscience. Conscience without a developed intellect is blind, but not dangerous, but an intellect without conscience is dangerous.
We live in a very interesting time. And although there are no uninteresting times, there are times about which historians, leaving blank pages, note that nothing special happened. And those pages that are completely written over are an indicator of a stormy time, full of events and changes, when life is not easy and requires a lot from a person. And a person constantly has many situations when there is a choice: to act in one way or another. What? That's why conscience is given to man. To do right choice. And by this choice one can judge a person. You can't judge a stone because it falls down. But a person cannot say to himself: “I was in such a position, I didn’t want anything bad, but there were such circumstances, I couldn’t do otherwise ...” This is not true! There are no circumstances when it is impossible to do otherwise. And if we still have such circumstances, then we have no conscience. Conscience is what dictates what to do when there is a choice. And there is always a choice ... of course, a choice is a difficult thing, so it’s easier to be a fool, there’s no question from a fool: “I was ordered, but what could I do?”, “They brought me, but you yourself would try ...”
So what do people learn throughout their lives? People learn Knowledge, people learn Memory, people learn Conscience. These are three subjects that are necessary in any School.
Many features distinguish a person from an animal. The animal has a great mind, but its mind is connected with a certain situation. And when it is not in the situation with which it is "connected" but in a completely different one, then it is lost. But a person is always in an unforeseen situation. And he has only two legs: intellect and conscience. Conscience without a developed intellect is not dangerous; intellect without conscience is dangerous.
A person always has the choice to do one way or another. Conscience is given to a person to make the right choice. And by this choice one can judge a person. If a person, being in a choiceless situation (and this does not exist) and does a bad deed, this means that he has no conscience. Conscience dictates what to do when there is a choice, and there is always a choice. Throughout life, people learn knowledge, develop memory, and learn conscience. These three subjects are simply necessary in any school!!!
Everyone knows what education is, just as, however, everyone imagines how to teach, heal, play football and make films. But everyone understands this in their own way and considers their opinion the only true one. These opinions often contradict each other... Moreover, there are much more people who want to make education better than those who do it according to their schedule.
I recall the dispute between the Lodeyny master and the architect about whose work is more difficult and more important, described by Alexei Ivanov in the book “Heart of Parma”: the same number, and 5 chapters. No. Instead, they give the architect a chain with 2 stakes and that's it. With this chain, he draws a domed circle on the ground, and then, according to the laws known to him alone, he divides the chain into parts, adds lengths, multiplying and subtracting, and builds the temple according to ratios that are always unchanged.
So I outline a certain circle of problems and, having divided the chain of my reasoning into parts, I try to establish a special connection between them.
Most likely, I will not say anything new. It is, in fact, almost non-existent. If there is anything, it is a new, unusual, paradoxical combination of long-known things.
Now very often they say: "Education is the future." I immediately have two questions: about what future in question and what should education be like for that future?
Try to imagine the future....
We model the future using the ideas and images of the past. And at all times the people of the future were brought up and educated by the people of the past. Paradox? Zenon's Achilles will never overtake the tortoise?
Studying modern scientific views on education and evaluating their diversity, I will allow myself to single out three paradoxes from them:
The first is the paradox of information saturation, when the flow of information, which in our time is growing every day, can absorb anyone who tries to master it or follow it. Instead of interpreting available information, compare it with personal experience and create our own knowledge, we are busy searching for more and more new information;
The second - the paradox of uncertainty - is largely dictated by the first. Increasing the amount of information complicates the decision-making process, further enhances the feeling of uncertainty. Knowledge expands the zone of ignorance. Modern, ... Socratic;
The third paradox could be called the half-life of knowledge. That is, education does not keep pace with the process of updating knowledge. For example, I first met the concept of “optical fiber” in 1982 in a physics lesson as the latest scientific achievement in the field of energy transmission, the application of which remained unknown. Today it is a common means of communication.
I think that trying to resolve the paradox is a step into the future.
So, for example, in its history, mathematics has experienced three major shocks, all of which were accompanied by the discovery of paradoxes. Overcoming them was achieved at the cost of introducing unusual concepts and asserting incredible ideas.
The first broke out in the era of Antiquity and was caused by the discovery of the fact of incommensurability of magnitudes. Then the square root was found and infinite decimal non-periodic fractions were discovered, which they called irrational, in translation into Russian, meaningless. We still use this concept today.
The second occurred in the era of modern times. This time it was about the interpretation of infinitesimal quantities. The way out was found by the creation of the theory of limits.
The last crisis was so powerful that it affected not only mathematics, but also logic and language. ...This is how set theory appeared.
In a word, paradoxes served as the driving force behind the development of scientific knowledge.
Do not be afraid of paradoxes! After all, such an attitude towards a paradox, in other words, towards a contradiction, towards a problem, is one of the criteria for the culture of the mind.
Therefore, if we imagine the process of education as a continuous mathematical function, the derivative of which was human culture, I would define its prototype as intellectual fearlessness.
What is twice two? Four? Is there any certainty that this is an absolute, unquestionable and indisputable truth? Then we put together two and two drops of water... and we get anything but four: maybe one drop or 45 splashes.
Once, about eight years ago, I heard an amazing story about a young man who was entering the mathematical faculty of the university. The exam ticket contained a question about logarithms, which, as it happened, he did not study due to the teacher's illness, which he honestly admitted, having brilliantly answered the previous questions. The wise examiner gave the applicant a definition of the logarithm, after which the young man was able to derive the properties of logarithms, build a graph of the logarithmic function and solve the exam task.
That is, it is clear that fearlessness alone is not enough. According to the same Alexei Ivanov, a contemporary Russian writer, “our children see very few real things. And children don't develop...some sort of vitamins of the mind."
From our world, children do not receive the most important evaluation criterion - the criterion of authenticity, that is, the presence of an inner essence, meaning. The criterion of authenticity is not an expert's reference. This is the ability to independently distinguish the real from the fake.
This is not formalized knowledge, which was offered in the form of ready-made truth, suitable only for immersing it in memory, and then extracting it in the exam in the same form. Knowledge then acquires value when it becomes the value of a particular person who has found personal meaning.
And today, in pedagogical successes, we recognize the history of education of the whole world outlined in a concise outline, because in his spiritual development each person repeats the process of spiritual and cultural development of mankind.
What in earlier epochs occupied the minds of mature men is today the study exercises and tasks of schoolchildren. But if behind a mathematical (and not only mathematical!) fact, theorem, formula there is a human act, fate, life, I, as a teacher, cannot but say about it. And this is not only an excursion into the history of mathematics.
To the question: “What do people learn?” Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman replied: "People are learning Knowledge, people are learning Memory, people are learning Conscience." This is what is needed in any school.
Of course, today the maps of the Middle Ages can cause a smile, but without them there would be no modern vision of the world. Any school graduate knows more than Pythagoras, but for future generations Pythagoras will forever remain a Teacher.
And if education allows the student to touch the thought of a genius, to enter into a dialogue with him, then it will allow him to join the Culture and, having acquired new meanings, to say his own, new word.
I think that we teachers are close to understanding the future. We are a link in the chain of generations, and we are looking for ways to resolve the paradoxes of education.
Following many who lived before us, we can rightly repeat, proud of the movements of our time and hoping for a better future that we are building, “We see further because we stand on the shoulders of giants.” At the base of this pyramid of life are giants (people of the ancient world, modern times, our contemporaries) in the scientific and spiritual sense.
There are many signs that distinguish a person from an animal. I do not mean that a person is smart, but an animal is stupid. The animal is not stupid at all. The animal has a great mind, but its mind is always connected with a certain situation. You know the expression: "Like a ram in front of a new gate." This does not mean that the ram is a stupid animal. The ram has a high level of intelligence. But his intellect is chained to a certain situation, he is lost. A person is always in an unforeseen situation. And here he has only two legs: intellect and conscience. Just as a conscience without a developed intellect is blind but not dangerous, so is an intellect without a conscience. We live in a very interesting time. And although there are no uninteresting times, there are times in which historians, leaving blank pages, note that nothing happened. And those pages that are completely written over, at such a time, life is nothing easy. She then demands a lot from a person. A person ceases to be a cog, he has many situations when there is a choice: to act in one way or another. What? On this he was given a conscience and therefore he can be judged. You can’t judge a stone because it falls down, but don’t tell yourself: “I was in this position, I didn’t want anything bad, but there were such circumstances, I couldn’t do otherwise.” . . It is not true! There are no circumstances when it is impossible to do otherwise. And if we still have such circumstances, then we have no conscience. Conscience is what dictates what to do when there is a choice. And there is always a choice. . . Choice is a difficult thing, therefore it is easier to be a fool, there is no question from a fool: “I was ordered, but what could I do? "," They brought me, and you yourself would try. . . "I will recall the words of the Decembrist Pushchin, a friend of Pushkin, that he said in a conversation with the tsar. The man, whose hands were chained, to the question of Nikolai: “How did you decide on such a thing? answered: “Otherwise I would consider myself a scoundrel.” By this he said: I have a conscience, I have a choice: either these hands are in these chains, or I myself will consider myself a scoundrel. History has shown that the high morality of these people helped them endure the most difficult trials that fell to their lot in Siberia. And physically they survived better than those who betrayed their friends in the same epoch of Nicholas, then made a career, and everything outwardly went well and wonderfully for them. . . So what are people learning? People learn Knowledge, people learn Memory, people learn Conscience. These are the three subjects that are necessary in any School, and which art has absorbed. And art is essentially a Book of Memory and Conscience. We just need to learn to read this Book. I hope that this is what we have gathered here for. (Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman)
Introduction Conscience ... Each of us has it. It is the problem of conscience that is raised by Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman, the author of the text I read.
Commentary The problem that is stated in the text is moral. It remains relevant at all times. The author reveals the problem of conscience with the help of a historical example. He speaks of the high morality of the Decembrists, of their honor. Yuri Mikhailovich draws our attention to this, resorting to such a technique as quoting. And the author also urges to listen to your conscience, so that later you don’t feel like a scoundrel.
The position of the author is obvious. He believes that a person, if he has a choice, should choose the path that his conscience dictates.
Own opinion I, of course, agree with the opinion of the author. A person should always do what his conscience tells him to do.
The first argument An example of this is the work "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. The protagonist of the novel commits a crime, after which he is tormented by remorse. He thinks endlessly about what he has done. He ashamed. These pangs of conscience are his punishment. From this we can conclude that he still has a conscience that prompts the hero to repent.
Second argument Or another example, but from Everyday life. I have a friend who was brought up in a good family. Once upon a time control work she managed to write off. For several days, a friend suffered because of what she had done. In the end, she went and told the teacher everything. This example proves that a person who has a conscience always chooses the right, and most importantly, an honest path.
Conclusion I believe that a person should listen to himself. Make choices according to your conscience. It is then that he will be honest with himself and others.
(1) ... There are many signs that distinguish a person from an animal. (2) I do not mean that the person is smart, but the animal is stupid. (3) The animal is not stupid at all. (4) The animal has a great mind, but its mind is always connected with a certain situation. (5) A person is always in an unforeseen situation. (6) And here he has two "legs": intellect and conscience. (7) As conscience without a developed intellect is blind, but not dangerous, so is intellect without conscience dangerous. (8) We live in a very interesting time. (9) And although there are no uninteresting times, there are times in which historians, leaving blank pages, note that nothing happened. (10) And those pages that are completely written are often devoted to a time in which life is nothing easy .. (11) Then it requires a lot from a person. (12) A person ceases to be a cog, he has many situations when there is a choice: to act in one way or another. (13) What? (14) For this he was given a conscience, and therefore he can. judge. (15) You can’t judge a stone because it falls down, but don’t tell yourself: “I was in such a position, I didn’t want anything bad, but there were such circumstances, I couldn’t do otherwise ...” (16) This not true! (17) There are no circumstances when it is impossible to do otherwise. (18) And if we still have such circumstances, then we have no conscience. (19) Conscience is what dictates what to do when there is a choice. (20) And there is always a choice ... (21) The choice is a difficult thing, so it’s easier to be a fool, there’s no question from a fool: “I was ordered, but what could I do?” (22) “They brought me, and you yourself tried ... "(23) I recall the words of the Decembrist Pushchin, Pushkin's friend, said by him in a conversation with the tsar. (24) A person whose hands were chained; to the question of Nicholas 1: how did you decide on such a thing? - answered: otherwise I would consider myself a scoundrel. (25) By this he said: I have a conscience, I have a choice - either these hands are in chains, or I myself will consider myself a scoundrel. (26) History has shown that the high morality of the Decembrists helped them endure the most difficult trials that fell to their lot in Siberia. (27) So, what do people learn? (28) People learn Knowledge, people learn Memory, people learn Conscience. (29) And only in this case can we talk about human culture. (30) Of course, you can’t do this: I woke up today, I wanted to become cultured and began to sympathize with the humiliated and offended. (31) This does not happen, and the best intentions will not help here. (32) It is necessary to work out the soul .. (according to Yu.M. Lotman)
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In this text, Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman poses the problem of conscience.
Arguing over this problem, the author compares man and animal. The narrator says that a person, unlike an animal, is always in an unforeseen situation and can only be guided by intellect and conscience. "Just as conscience without a developed intellect is blind, so dangerous is intellect without conscience," the narrator notes. The author believes that in a person's life there are many situations when he has to choose what to do. At such moments, conscience helps us to make the right choice. Lotman is convinced that conscience dictates to us what to do when there is a choice, and there is always a choice. As proof, the author reminds us of Pushchin's words about participation in the Decembrist uprising. According to Pushchin, if he did otherwise, he would consider himself a scoundrel. It was high moral qualities that helped the Decembrists to endure severe trials. " People learn knowledge, memory, conscience and only then can we talk about human culture," the narrator believes.
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Ivan Maslyukov
Director, entrepreneur. Creator of the international network of urban games Encounter.
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1. A smart person talks with a purpose
At a meeting, by phone, in a chat. Conversation is a tool to achieve a goal.
Stupid people talk for the sake of talking. So they indulge their laziness when they are busy. Or they struggle with boredom and idleness in their free time.
2. Feels comfortable being alone
A smart man is not bored with his thoughts. He understands that important events and discoveries can take place within a person.
Stupid people, on the contrary, do their best to avoid loneliness: remaining alone with themselves, they are forced to observe their own emptiness. Therefore, it seems to them that something important and meaningful can only happen around them. They follow the news, tend to companies and hangouts, check social networks a hundred times a day.
3. Trying to keep balance
- Between external experience (movies, books, stories of friends) and own experience.
- Between believing in himself and knowing that he could be wrong.
- Between ready knowledge (templates) and new knowledge (thinking).
- Between an intuitive hint from the subconscious and an accurate logical analysis of limited data.
Stupid people easily fall into one extreme.
4. Strives to expand the range of his perception
A smart person wants to achieve accuracy in sensations, feelings, thoughts. He understands that the whole consists of the smallest details, therefore he is so attentive to trifles, shades, to the small.
Stupid people are content with average stamps.
5. Knows many "languages"
A smart person communicates with architects through buildings, with writers through books, with designers through interfaces, with artists through paintings, with composers through music, with a janitor through a clean yard. He knows how to communicate with people through what they do.
Foolish people understand only the language of words.
6. A smart person finishes what they start.
The foolish one stops as soon as he starts, or in the middle, or almost finishes, on the assumption that what he has done may turn out to be unclaimed and will not bring any benefit to anyone.
7. Understands that a huge part of the world around was invented and created by people
After all, a shoe, concrete, a bottle, a sheet of paper, a light bulb, a window once did not exist. Taking advantage of what was invented and created, he wants to give something of himself to humanity in gratitude. He happily creates himself. And when he uses what others have done, he gladly gives money for it.
Stupid people, when they pay for a thing, a service, an object of art, do it without gratitude and with regret that there is less money.
8. Follows an information diet
A smart person has a memory of facts and data that are not needed to solve current problems. At the same time, studying the world, he seeks, first of all, to understand the causal relationships between events, phenomena, things.
Stupid people consume information indiscriminately and without trying to understand the relationships.
9. Understands that nothing can be appreciated without context.
Therefore, he is in no hurry with conclusions and assessments of any things, events, phenomena, until he analyzes the totality of all circumstances and details. Smart very rarely criticizes, condemns.
A stupid person easily evaluates things, events, phenomena, without delving into the details and circumstances. He takes pleasure in criticizing and condemning, thus, as it were, feeling superior to that which is the object of his criticism.
10. Considers the authority of the one who has earned his authority
The smart one never forgets that even if everyone is of the same opinion, they can be wrong.
Fools recognize an opinion as correct if it is supported by the majority. It is enough for them that many other people consider a certain person to be an authority.
11. Very selective about books and films.
A smart person does not care at all when and by whom the book was written or when the film was made. Priority is content and meaning.
A stupid person prefers trendy books and movies.
12. Has a passion for self-development and growth
In order to grow, a smart person says to himself: "I'm not good enough, I can become better."
Stupid, seeking to exalt themselves in the eyes of others, humiliate others and, thus, humiliate themselves.
13. Not afraid to make mistakes
A smart person perceives it as a natural component of moving forward. At the same time, he tries not to repeat them.
Fools have learned once and for all the shame of making mistakes.
14. Knows how to concentrate
For maximum concentration, an intelligent person can withdraw into himself, be inaccessible to anyone and nothing.
Stupid people are always open to communication.
15. A smart person convinces himself that everything in this life depends only on him.
Although he understands that this is not so. Therefore, he believes in himself, and not in the word "luck."
Stupid people convince themselves that everything in this life depends on circumstances and other people. This allows them to relieve themselves of all responsibility for what is happening in their lives.
16. It can be hard as steel or soft as clay
At the same time, an intelligent person proceeds from his ideas about how he should be under different circumstances.
A fool is hard as steel, or soft as clay, based on the desire to meet the expectations of others.
17. Easily admits his mistakes
His goal is to understand the real state of things, and not to be always right. He understands only too well how difficult it is to make sense of the diversity of life. Therefore, he does not lie.
Fools deceive themselves and others.
18. Acts mostly like a smart person
Sometimes smart people allow themselves to relax and behave like fools.
Stupid people sometimes concentrate, show willpower, make an effort and behave like smart people.
Of course, no one can act smart always and everywhere. But the more you are from a smart person, the more you are. The more stupid, the more stupid.
